This Focus addresses the long-term interactions between past climate conditions, environmental processes, and human activities. Emphasis lies in comparing regional-scale reconstructions of environmental and climatic processes, from natural archives, documentary and instrumental data, with evidence on past human activity, from historical and archeological records. The Focus further promotes dynamic modeling to better understand processes of climate-human-environment interactions, quantify the relative roles of different drivers in forcing change, and provide integrated datasets for model comparison and verification.

Driving Questions:
- To what extent and since when has human activity modified climate and environment?
- How can anthropogenically induced change be disentangled from natural responses to external forcing mechanisms and internal system dynamics?


Focus Leaders: John Dearing and Mohammed Umer


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